Mid-band 5G uses microwaves of 2.3–4.7 GHz, allowing speeds of 100–900 Mbit/s, with each cell tower providing service up to several kilometers in radius. Low-band cell towers have a range and coverage area similar to 4G towers. Low-band 5G uses a similar frequency range to 4G cellphones, 600–900 MHz, giving download speeds a little higher than 4G: 30–250 megabits per second (Mbit/s). ![]() For wide service, 5G networks operate on up to three frequency bands – low, medium, and high.ĥG can be implemented in low-band, mid-band or high-band millimeter-wave 24 GHz up to 54 GHz. However, higher-frequency radio waves have a shorter useful physical range, requiring smaller geographic cells. The increased speed is achieved partly by using additional higher-frequency radio waves in addition to the low- and medium-band frequencies used in previous cellular networks. Multiple bitstreams of data are transmitted simultaneously. Massive MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output) was deployed in 4G as early as 2016 and typically used 32 to 128 small antennas at each cell. Millimeter-wave antennas are smaller than the large antennas used in previous cellular networks. Millimeter waves also have more trouble passing through building walls. Millimeter waves have a shorter range than microwaves, therefore the cells are limited to a smaller size. Several network operators use millimeter waves called FR2 in 5G terminology, for additional capacity and higher throughputs. 5G can support up to a million devices per square kilometer, while 4G supports only one-tenth of that capacity. As in other cell networks, a mobile device moving from one cell to another is automatically handed off seamlessly to the current cell. Each cell comprises of a base station and remote radio heads (antennas), The base stations, termed as gNBs, are connected through the 5G Core to switching centers in the telephone network and routers for Internet access by high-bandwidth optical fiber or wireless backhaul connections. The 5G wireless devices in a cell communicate over RF in the cell, over frequency channels assigned by the base station.
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